Lois de finances et Budget l’Etat

71 commentaires sur Lois de finances et Budget l’Etat

Les lois de finances sont des actes juridiques et politiques préparés par l’exécutif et soumis au vote du parlement. Leur contenu ne se réduit pas à la description du budget de l’État. Elles participent à l’information du Parlement et à l’exercice de sa mission de contrôle. Elles peuvent comporter des recettes directement affectées à des personnes morales autres que l’État.

La loi de finances traduit l’autorisation donnée par le parlement à l’exécutif lui permettant de prélever des ressources et de les affecter à des dépenses afin d’atteindre les missions qui lui sont confiées.

Il existe plusieurs types de lois de finances :

  • La loi de finances initiale (LFI) qui prévoit et autorise, pour chaque année civile, l’ensemble des ressources et des charges de l’Etat;
  • La loi de finances rectificatives (LFR) ou “collectif budgétaire” qui modifie, en cours d’année, les dispositions de la LFI;
  • La loi de règlement qui constate le montant définitif des recettes et des dépenses du budget ainsi que le résultat budgétaire (déficit ou excédent) qui en découle. Elle rend compte de l’exécution du budget et de l’utilisation des crédits.

Le budget de l’État peut donc être considéré comme l’un des comptes de la loi de finances. Le budget peut être défini comme l’ensemble des documents votés par le Parlement qui prévoient et autorisent les ressources et les charges de l’État pour une année.

C’est donc en fonction de cette prévision et de cette autorisation que seront perçues les recettes et exécutées les dépenses publiques.

La prévision est un acte de bonne gestion administrative qui permet d’anticiper sur les activités financières vers un horizon déterminé.

L’autorisation répond à un souci plus large, essentiellement dominé par trois ordres de considérations :

  • des considérations politiques : il importe, en effet, que les prérogatives de l’autorité budgétaire soient respectées;
  • des considérations financières : il est nécessaire que les dépenses soient contenues dans les limites déterminées de façon à maintenir un indispensable équilibre financier et économique;
  • des considérations administratives : il faut, à cet égard, prévoir les conditions susceptibles d’empêcher tout gaspillage et toute malversation de la part des fonctionnaires chargés de l’exécution du budget.

Pour toutes ces considérations, le budget constitue un document central dans la vie des Etats. Son élaboration constitue un moment important de dialogue entre l’exécutif et le législatif. Ce dernier doit durant ces moments veiller à ce que toutes les préoccupations des citoyens soient prises en compte

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